Nomadic tribes have been living in the region since the 1st. century. From 4th till 13th. century, nomadic tribes ruled Kazakhstan. In the 13th. century the Mongols invaded the land and established the Kazakh Khanate Empire. The following 150 later saw the gradual colonization of the Kazakh-controlled territories by Tsarist Russia. In 1920 the area of present-day Kazakhstan became an autonomous republic within Russia and in 1930 a Soviet republic. Following the August 1991 abortive coup attempt in Moscow and the subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan declared independence on December 16, 1991.
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